JOHN NAJEMY -- Ph.D. --  Professor at Cornell University
            
Dear Dr. Kolkey,

In this case, a popular government went to war to prevent the re-constitution of effective papal control of the papal states, and it did so despite the furious opposition of a major portion of the upper class represented in the pro-papal Guelf party, which depended on good ties with the Church for its banking and international trading interests. This war divided Florentines on both class and factional lines.

Best wishes,

John Najemy

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